RIESGOS POR FLUCTUACIONES EN LAS OSCILACIONES CÍCLICAS DEL CLIMA FRENTE AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN EL NORTE DE CHILE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23854/07199562.2024602.valenzuelaPalabras clave:
Eventos climáticos, El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENSO), Cambio climático, Aluviones, Estrategias de mitigaciónResumen
El norte de Chile se enfrenta a desafíos significativos debido a la interacción entre eventos climáticos cíclicos, como El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENSO), y el cambio climático. La población que habita en territorios propensos a variaciones climáticas debe adaptarse a condiciones inestables e intensas. Es fundamental diseñar estrategias basadas en datos históricos y modelos predictivos para reducir los riesgos asociados a la alternancia irregular de fases de dinámicas aparentemente periódicas entre El Niño y La Niña, que se espera aumenten en duración e intensidad debido al cambio climático. Durante eventos de El Niño, las intensas lluvias generan aluviones que afectan las ciudades, causando pérdidas humanas y materiales significativas. El norte de Chile ha registrado un aumento en la frecuencia de estos eventos en los últimos años. En ciudades como Copiapó y Antofagasta, la cercanía a los centros de trabajo y la disponibilidad de terrenos ha propiciado asentamientos en zonas vulnerables a aluviones. Los aluviones también generan perturbaciones en los ecosistemas locales. El arrastre de sedimentos y relaves mineros ha modificado los ecosistemas fluviales y costeros, contaminando el suelo y el agua con metales. Para enfrentar los riesgos de aluviones en esta región, es esencial implementar estrategias integrales que involucren infraestructura, tecnología y gobernanza, para reducir los riesgos y mejorar la resiliencia frente a futuros eventos climáticos extremos. Este trabajo explora el impacto de eventos climáticos cíclicos en la infraestructura, la planificación urbana y la biodiversidad, y propone estrategias de mitigación y adaptación.
Northern Chile faces significant challenges due to the interaction between cyclical climate events, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and climate change. Populations living in areas prone to climate variability must adapt to unstable and intense conditions. It is essential to design strategies based on historical data and predictive models to reduce the risks associated with the irregular alternation of seemingly periodic phases between El Niño and La Niña, which are expected to increase in duration and intensity due to climate change. During El Niño events, intense rains generate floods that impact cities, causing significant human and material losses. Northern Chile has recorded an increase in the frequency of these events over the last years. In cities such as Copiapó and Antofagasta, proximity to work centers and available land has led to settlements in areas vulnerable to floods. Floods also disrupt local ecosystems. The transport of sediments and mining tailings has altered river and coastal ecosystems, contaminating soil and water with metals. To address flood risks in this region, it is essential to implement comprehensive strategies involving infrastructure, technology, and governance to reduce risks and improve resilience to future extreme climate events. This work explores the impact of cyclical climate events on infrastructure, urban planning, and biodiversity, and proposes mitigation and adaptation strategies.
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